ADB-FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) Is a highly potent synthetic cannabinoid developed by Pfizer in 2009 during analgesic research. Later diverted into the recreational drug market, it rapidly gained global attention due to severe toxic effects, overdoses, and fatalities. It is a full agonist at CB₁ and CB₂ receptors, with much greater potency than Δ⁹-THC, the psychoactive component of natural cannabis.
Chemical Identity and Structure
IUPAC Name: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamideCommon Name: ADB-FUBINACAChemical Class: Indazole-based synthetic cannabinoidMolecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₈FN₃O₃Molecular Weight: 383.46 g/molPhysical Appearance: White or off-white crystalline powderThe molecule includes an indazole core, 4-fluorobenzyl group, and dimethylbutanamide side chain, contributing to strong lipophilicity and blood–brain barrier penetration.
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
ADB-FUBINACA acts as a full agonist at:CB₁ Receptors (Central Nervous System): Induces extreme psychoactivity, sedation, and hallucinationsCB₂ Receptors (Peripheral Immune System): May influence immune function, but effects are less studiedBinding affinity:CB₁ Ki ≈ 0.9 nM (extremely high potency)CB₂ Ki ≈ 0.5 nMEven microgram doses (as low as 0.3–1 mg) can cause intense intoxication, seizures, or unconsciousness.
Toxicity and Adverse Effects
ADB-FUBINACA is associated with numerous adverse and life-threatening effects:Neurological: Confusion, seizures, blackouts, comaCardiovascular: Bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmiasRespiratory: Depressed breathing or arrestPsychiatric: Psychosis, severe agitation, hallucinations, paranoiaFatalities: Linked to mass overdoses in the US, Russia, and EuropeIn 2016, over 30 people in New York City collapsed simultaneously after using synthetic cannabis containing ADB-FUBINACA — leading media to dub it “Zombie Outbreak.”
Legal Status and Control
Due to its extreme risk, ADB-FUBINACA is now controlled globally:United States: Schedule I controlled substanceUNODC: Recommended for international control in 2017European Union: Controlled under synthetic cannabinoid regulationsAustralia, Canada, UK: Explicitly banned or controlled as an analogueSale or possession, even in small quantities, is illegal in most jurisdictions.
Analytical Detection and Forensic Relevance
Standard drug screens do not detect ADB-FUBINACA. Advanced forensic tools are required:LC-MS/MS: Primary method for detecting both the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samplesGC-MS: Less common due to thermal instabilityHRMS (High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry): Used in toxicology and postmortem analysisMetabolite Analysis: Since the parent compound is often quickly broken down, detection often depends on specific metabolites
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