AMB-FUBINACA (methyl (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl)-L-valinate)
Is a potent synthetic cannabinoid, initially developed for pharmacological research but later emerged as a dangerous Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS). It acts as a full agonist at cannabinoid receptors CB₁ and CB₂, with significantly higher potency than Δ⁹-THC (the active ingredient in cannabis). AMB-FUBINACA has been linked to severe intoxication and fatalities, particularly in the United States and New Zealand.
Chemical Identity and Structure
IUPAC Name: methyl (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl)-L-valinate
Common Name: AMB-FUBINACA
Chemical Class: Indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid
Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₈FN₃O₃
Molecular Weight: 377.46 g/mol
Physical Form: Off-white to yellowish powder
The indazole core, fluorobenzyl group, and methyl valinate ester make it a highly lipophilic molecule, facilitating rapid blood–brain barrier penetration and intense receptor activation.
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
AMB-FUBINACA is a full agonist at CB₁ and CB₂ receptors, unlike natural cannabinoids which are partial agonists:
CB₁ Activation (Central Nervous System): Causes intense psychoactivity, sedation, memory impairment, and hallucinations
CB₂ Activation (Peripheral Immune System): May modulate inflammation but has limited CNS effect
Binding Affinity: Sub-nanomolar; several hundred times stronger than Δ⁹-THC
Due to its extreme potency, even microgram-level doses can result in strong central nervous system effects, sometimes leading to unconsciousness or seizures.
Toxicity and Adverse Effects
AMB-FUBINACA is associated with serious health risks:
Neurological: Seizures, confusion, loss of motor control, coma
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension, arrhythmia
Respiratory: Depression of breathing, especially in overdose
Metabolic: Hyperglycemia, elevated creatine kinase, rhabdomyolysis
Psychiatric: Psychosis, paranoia, aggression, suicidal ideation
In 2016–2018, dozens of deaths were linked to AMB-FUBINACA-laced products, particularly in synthetic cannabis brands like K2 or Spice.
Legal Status and Control
Due to its dangerous profile, AMB-FUBINACA is banned or scheduled in many regions:
United States: Schedule I controlled substance
United Nations: Added to the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) watchlist
European Union: Banned under synthetic cannabinoid regulations
New Zealand: Specifically listed due to mass intoxication events
Possession, manufacturing, or sale of AMB-FUBINACA is illegal in most jurisdictions, though analogue laws may be used in areas where it is not explicitly listed.
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