Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Is one of the most widely used and produced industrial chemicals worldwide. It is a strong mineral acid with highly corrosive properties, serving critical roles in chemical manufacturing, energy production, and even forensic science. Due to its reactivity and hazards, it is also regulated as a controlled substance in many regions.

Chemical Identity and Properties

IUPAC Name: Sulfuric acid
Chemical Formula: H₂SO₄ Molecular Weight: 98.08 g/mol Appearance: Colorless to slightly yellow, oily liquid Odor: Odorless, but releases irritating fumes when heated Solubility: Miscible with water (highly exothermic reaction)
Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Property Value
Boiling Point ~337 °C Melting Point 10.3 °C Density ~1.84 g/cm³ (at 25 °C) pKa -3 (very strong acid) Corrosiveness Highly corrosive to metals and tissues Reactivity Exothermic with water, reacts violently with organic materials, bases, and oxidizers
Industrial and Laboratory Applications

Sulphuric acid is essential to numerous industries:
Fertilizer production: Manufacturing of phosphate fertilizers Petroleum refining: Removing impurities in gasoline Chemical synthesis: Production of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, dyes, detergents Batteries: Used in lead-acid car batteries Metallurgy: Pickling of metals, ore processing Laboratories: Dehydrating agent, catalyst, analytical reagent
Health Hazards and Toxicology

Sulphuric acid is extremely corrosive, posing significant risks to human health:
Routes of Exposure: Skin Contact: Causes severe burns, tissue destruction Eye Contact: Can result in permanent blindness Inhalation: Fumes can damage the respiratory tract; long-term exposure may cause lung damage Ingestion: Extremely harmful, causing internal burns and possibly death Chronic Effects: Dental erosion (occupational exposure) Ulceration of respiratory passages Classified as a Group 1 carcinogen (IARC) when inhaled in mists Emergency Response: Immediate irrigation with water, remove contaminated clothing, seek urgent medical attention.
Handling, Storage, and Safety

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, face shield, acid-resistant lab coat
Storage: In corrosion-resistant containers (e.g., glass or certain plastics), well-ventilated areas, away from water or incompatible substances Spill Control: Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate; avoid water contact during neutralization Transport: Regulated as a hazardous material (UN 1830 / Class 8)
Legal and Forensic Relevance

Regulated Chemical: Sulphuric acid is a precursor in the manufacture of explosives and narcotics
Controlled in many countries (e.g., under the EU Regulation 2019/1148 on explosive precursors) Monitored in high-concentration forms due to potential misuse in: Acid attacks Homemade explosives (e.g., TATP, nitroglycerin) Drug synthesis (e.g., extraction in meth labs)
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