Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) Is one of the most widely used and produced industrial chemicals worldwide. It is a strong mineral acid with highly corrosive properties, serving critical roles in chemical manufacturing, energy production, and even forensic science. Due to its reactivity and hazards, it is also regulated as a controlled substance in many regions.
Chemical Identity and Properties
IUPAC Name: Sulfuric acidChemical Formula: H₂SO₄Molecular Weight: 98.08 g/molAppearance: Colorless to slightly yellow, oily liquidOdor: Odorless, but releases irritating fumes when heatedSolubility: Miscible with water (highly exothermic reaction)
Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Property Value
Boiling Point ~337 °C
Melting Point 10.3 °C
Density ~1.84 g/cm³ (at 25 °C)
pKa -3 (very strong acid)
Corrosiveness Highly corrosive to metals and tissues
Reactivity Exothermic with water, reacts violently with organic materials, bases, and oxidizers
Industrial and Laboratory Applications
Sulphuric acid is essential to numerous industries:Fertilizer production: Manufacturing of phosphate fertilizersPetroleum refining: Removing impurities in gasolineChemical synthesis: Production of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, dyes, detergentsBatteries: Used in lead-acid car batteriesMetallurgy: Pickling of metals, ore processingLaboratories: Dehydrating agent, catalyst, analytical reagent
Health Hazards and Toxicology
Sulphuric acid is extremely corrosive, posing significant risks to human health:Routes of Exposure:
Skin Contact: Causes severe burns, tissue destructionEye Contact: Can result in permanent blindnessInhalation: Fumes can damage the respiratory tract; long-term exposure may cause lung damageIngestion: Extremely harmful, causing internal burns and possibly deathChronic Effects:
Dental erosion (occupational exposure)Ulceration of respiratory passagesClassified as a Group 1 carcinogen (IARC) when inhaled in mistsEmergency Response: Immediate irrigation with water, remove contaminated clothing, seek urgent medical attention.
Handling, Storage, and Safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, face shield, acid-resistant lab coatStorage: In corrosion-resistant containers (e.g., glass or certain plastics), well-ventilated areas, away from water or incompatible substancesSpill Control: Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate; avoid water contact during neutralization
Transport: Regulated as a hazardous material (UN 1830 / Class 8)
Legal and Forensic Relevance
Regulated Chemical: Sulphuric acid is a precursor in the manufacture of explosives and narcoticsControlled in many countries (e.g., under the EU Regulation 2019/1148 on explosive precursors)Monitored in high-concentration forms due to potential misuse in:Acid attacksHomemade explosives (e.g., TATP, nitroglycerin)Drug synthesis (e.g., extraction in meth labs)
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