JWH-018
Is a first-generation synthetic cannabinoid developed for scientific research into the endocannabinoid system, but it later emerged as a key active compound in “Spice,” “K2,” and other synthetic cannabis products. It mimics the effects of THC but binds more strongly to cannabinoid receptors, resulting in intense and unpredictable psychoactive effects.
Chemical Identity and Properties
Full Name: (Naphthalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
Common Names: JWH-018, Spice, K2 compound
Chemical Class: Synthetic cannabinoid (indole-based)
Molecular Formula: C₂₄H₂₃NO
Molecular Weight: 341.45 g/mol
Appearance: Off-white powder or oily residue; commonly sprayed onto plant material
Solubility: Lipophilic (fat-soluble); dissolves in organic solvents
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
JWH-018 is a potent full agonist at CB₁ and CB₂ cannabinoid receptors:
CB₁ Receptor (brain): Mediates psychoactive effects like altered mood, perception, and motor control
CB₂ Receptor (immune system): Modulates inflammation and immune responses
Binding affinity at CB₁: ~5x higher than THC (Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol)
Mechanism of Action:
Activates cannabinoid receptors, producing effects similar to THC
Bypasses the natural modulation found with THC (which is only a partial agonist), leading to overstimulation and toxicity
Effects and User Reports
Synthetic cannabinoids like JWH-018 often have stronger and riskier effects than natural cannabis:
Desired Effects:
Euphoria
Relaxation
Altered sensory perception
Intense psychoactive "high"
Adverse Effects:
Anxiety, panic, agitation
Rapid heartbeat, hypertension
Hallucinations, paranoia
Seizures, confusion, psychosis
Vomiting and loss of consciousness
Onset is rapid (minutes), and effects may last 1–3 hours depending on dose and route.
Toxicity and Health Risks
JWH-018 is associated with numerous health emergencies and hospitalizations, particularly due to:
Unpredictable potency
Overdose risk (especially in sprayed plant products with uneven distribution)
Neurotoxicity and psychological disturbances
Toxicological Concerns:
Agitation, delirium, aggression
Kidney damage (reported in synthetic cannabinoid users)
Potential cardiovascular events (tachycardia, arrhythmias)
Dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms
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