GBL (Gamma-Butyrolactone) sold as "Wheel Cleaner" or "Alloy Cleaner" is a chemical solvent commonly used in industrial and automotive cleaning. However, it is also known as a precursor to GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate), a powerful central nervous system depressant. GBL is readily converted to GHB in the body, making it a substance of abuse and subject to increasing legal control.
Chemical Identity
Full Name: Gamma-ButyrolactoneCommon Name: GBL, 1,4-ButanolideMolecular Formula: C₄H₆O₂Molecular Weight: 86.09 g/molChemical Class: Lactone (cyclic ester)Physical Form: Colorless, oily liquid with a faint sweet odorSolubility: Miscible with water and organic solvents
Legitimate Uses
GBL has numerous industrial and commercial applications, including:Wheel and rim cleanerPaint stripperNail polish removerSolvent in chemical manufacturingIntermediate in polymer productionWhen sold as a “wheel cleaner”, GBL is often marketed as non-toxic and biodegradable, but in reality, its primary use in some markets is covert recreational drug synthesis or consumption.
Pharmacology (When Ingested)
Once ingested, GBL is rapidly converted to GHB by enzymes in the blood and liver:Mechanism:
GBL → GHB → Activation of GABA-B receptorsEffects:
SedationEuphoriaAnxiolysis (anti-anxiety effect)Muscle relaxationIncreased sociabilityEffects begin within 10–30 minutes and may last 2–4 hours.
Toxicity and Risks
Although used industrially, GBL is dangerous when ingested:Health Risks:
Nausea and vomitingLoss of consciousnessRespiratory depressionSeizuresComa and death (especially when combined with alcohol or other depressants)Addiction Potential:
GBL has high abuse potentialSevere withdrawal symptoms: anxiety, insomnia, tremors, hallucinations, and deliriumPhysical dependence can develop quickly (within days of use)
Legal Status
Many countries have imposed strict controls on GBL due to its role as a GHB precursor:Region Legal Status
USA Listed as a List I chemical; regulated under the Controlled Substances Act
UK Class C drug (if intended for human consumption)
EU Controlled as a drug precursor in many countries
Australia Schedule 9 poison
Canada Schedule VI precursor substanceSale as a "wheel cleaner" is often a loophole used by illicit distributors to evade regulation.
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