5F-PCN (5-fluoro-3-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile)
Is a potent synthetic cannabinoid belonging to the indole-3-carbonitrile family. Developed initially for in vitro receptor binding studies, 5F-PCN has subsequently emerged in illicit herbal smoking blends and research chemical markets. Its structural design aims to mimic Δ9-THC’s interaction with cannabinoid receptors, but with markedly greater potency and unpredictable pharmacological effects.
Chemical Identity and Structure
IUPAC Name: 5-fluoro-3-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile
Common Name: 5F-PCN
Chemical Class: Indole-3-carbonitrile synthetic cannabinoid
Molecular Formula: C₁₉H₁₈FN₃
Molecular Weight: 307.36 g/mol
Physical Form: Fine white to off-white crystalline powder
5F-PCN features a fluorinated pentyl side chain attached to an indole core, further linked to a pyridine ring bearing a nitrile group. This arrangement confers high lipophilicity and a strong affinity for cannabinoid receptors.
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
5F-PCN functions as a full agonist at both CB₁ and CB₂ receptors:
Receptor Affinity: Sub-nanomolar Ki values at CB₁, indicating extremely high potency
Onset: Rapid, often within minutes of inhalation or oral ingestion
Duration: Short to moderate (2–4 hours), with peak effects in the first hour
By fully activating CB₁ receptors in the central nervous system, 5F-PCN produces:
Profound euphoria and dissociation
Altered sensory perception and time distortion
Sedation or catalepsy at higher doses
Cognitive impairment and memory disruption
Toxicology and Adverse Effects
Due to its full agonist activity and high potency, 5F-PCN carries significant risk:
Neurological: agitation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, seizures
Cardiovascular: tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain
Respiratory: depressed breathing in overdose situations
Psychiatric: acute psychosis, confusion, suicidal ideation
The narrow margin between an active and toxic dose often leads to unintentional overdoses, especially when inhaled in herbal mixes with variable compound concentrations.
Analytical Detection and Forensic Relevance
5F-PCN is not detected by standard cannabinoid immunoassays and requires specialized techniques:
LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry) for quantitation in blood or urine
GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) for identification in seized powders or vaporizer residues
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) to distinguish 5F-PCN from close analogues
Forensic laboratories must update reference libraries periodically to capture this evolving class of indole-carbonitrile cannabinoids.
Legal Status and Regulatory Control
In response to its emergence, many jurisdictions have moved to restrict 5F-PCN:
United States: Treated as a Schedule I analogue under the Federal Analogue Act
United Kingdom: Controlled under the Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA)
European Union: Subject to national emergency scheduling as a new psychoactive substance
Australia, Canada, Japan: Banned under analogue or blanket synthetic cannabinoid legislation
Possession, manufacture, or distribution without explicit research licenses is a criminal offense in most regions.
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