GBL (Gamma-Butyrolactone) sold as "Wheel Cleaner" or "Alloy Cleaner" is a chemical solvent commonly used in industrial and automotive cleaning. However, it is also known as a precursor to GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate), a powerful central nervous system depressant. GBL is readily converted to GHB in the body, making it a substance of abuse and subject to increasing legal control.
Chemical Identity
Full Name: Gamma-Butyrolactone
Common Name: GBL, 1,4-Butanolide
Molecular Formula: C₄H₆O₂
Molecular Weight: 86.09 g/mol
Chemical Class: Lactone (cyclic ester)
Physical Form: Colorless, oily liquid with a faint sweet odor
Solubility: Miscible with water and organic solvents
Legitimate Uses
GBL has numerous industrial and commercial applications, including:
Wheel and rim cleaner
Paint stripper
Nail polish remover
Solvent in chemical manufacturing
Intermediate in polymer production
When sold as a “wheel cleaner”, GBL is often marketed as non-toxic and biodegradable, but in reality, its primary use in some markets is covert recreational drug synthesis or consumption.
Pharmacology (When Ingested)
Once ingested, GBL is rapidly converted to GHB by enzymes in the blood and liver:
Mechanism:
GBL → GHB → Activation of GABA-B receptors
Effects:
Sedation
Euphoria
Anxiolysis (anti-anxiety effect)
Muscle relaxation
Increased sociability
Effects begin within 10–30 minutes and may last 2–4 hours.
Toxicity and Risks
Although used industrially, GBL is dangerous when ingested:
Health Risks:
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of consciousness
Respiratory depression
Seizures
Coma and death (especially when combined with alcohol or other depressants)
Addiction Potential:
GBL has high abuse potential
Severe withdrawal symptoms: anxiety, insomnia, tremors, hallucinations, and delirium
Physical dependence can develop quickly (within days of use)
Legal Status
Many countries have imposed strict controls on GBL due to its role as a GHB precursor:
Region Legal Status
USA Listed as a List I chemical; regulated under the Controlled Substances Act
UK Class C drug (if intended for human consumption)
EU Controlled as a drug precursor in many countries
Australia Schedule 9 poison
Canada Schedule VI precursor substance
Sale as a "wheel cleaner" is often a loophole used by illicit distributors to evade regulation.
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