ADB-FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide)
Is a highly potent synthetic cannabinoid developed by Pfizer in 2009 during analgesic research. Later diverted into the recreational drug market, it rapidly gained global attention due to severe toxic effects, overdoses, and fatalities. It is a full agonist at CB₁ and CB₂ receptors, with much greater potency than Δ⁹-THC, the psychoactive component of natural cannabis.
Chemical Identity and Structure
IUPAC Name: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
Common Name: ADB-FUBINACA
Chemical Class: Indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid
Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₈FN₃O₃
Molecular Weight: 383.46 g/mol
Physical Appearance: White or off-white crystalline powder
The molecule includes an indazole core, 4-fluorobenzyl group, and dimethylbutanamide side chain, contributing to strong lipophilicity and blood–brain barrier penetration.
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
ADB-FUBINACA acts as a full agonist at:
CB₁ Receptors (Central Nervous System): Induces extreme psychoactivity, sedation, and hallucinations
CB₂ Receptors (Peripheral Immune System): May influence immune function, but effects are less studied
Binding affinity:
CB₁ Ki ≈ 0.9 nM (extremely high potency)
CB₂ Ki ≈ 0.5 nM
Even microgram doses (as low as 0.3–1 mg) can cause intense intoxication, seizures, or unconsciousness.
Toxicity and Adverse Effects
ADB-FUBINACA is associated with numerous adverse and life-threatening effects:
Neurological: Confusion, seizures, blackouts, coma
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias
Respiratory: Depressed breathing or arrest
Psychiatric: Psychosis, severe agitation, hallucinations, paranoia
Fatalities: Linked to mass overdoses in the US, Russia, and Europe
In 2016, over 30 people in New York City collapsed simultaneously after using synthetic cannabis containing ADB-FUBINACA — leading media to dub it “Zombie Outbreak.”
Legal Status and Control
Due to its extreme risk, ADB-FUBINACA is now controlled globally:
United States: Schedule I controlled substance
UNODC: Recommended for international control in 2017
European Union: Controlled under synthetic cannabinoid regulations
Australia, Canada, UK: Explicitly banned or controlled as an analogue
Sale or possession, even in small quantities, is illegal in most jurisdictions.
Analytical Detection and Forensic Relevance
Standard drug screens do not detect ADB-FUBINACA. Advanced forensic tools are required:
LC-MS/MS: Primary method for detecting both the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samples
GC-MS: Less common due to thermal instability
HRMS (High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry): Used in toxicology and postmortem analysis
Metabolite Analysis: Since the parent compound is often quickly broken down, detection often depends on specific metabolites
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